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Saṁyutta Nikāya 45.1 Linked Discourses 45.1
1. Avijjāvagga 1. Ignorance
Avijjāsutta Ignorance
Evaṁ me sutaṁ—So I have heard. Detailed explanations for the factors are given in the “Analysis” discourse at SN 45.8.
ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika’s monastery.
Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi: There the Buddha addressed the mendicants,
“bhikkhavo”ti. “Mendicants!”
“Bhadante”ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṁ. “Venerable sir,” they replied.
Bhagavā etadavoca: The Buddha said this:
“Avijjā, bhikkhave, pubbaṅgamā akusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ samāpattiyā, anvadeva ahirikaṁ anottappaṁ. “Mendicants, ignorance leads the attainment of unskillful qualities, with lack of conscience and prudence following along. Ignorance begins the sequence of dependent origination, which is said to be the “wrong practice” (SN 12.3). | Pubbaṅgama is literally “forerunner”, but rather than indicating something that happens to come in front of something else, the sense is the leader as in the first of a group (see MN 3:6.4 and especially AN 5.180:3.6). Thus ignorance, itself an unskillful quality, leads the way for other unskillful qualities to arise.
Avijjāgatassa, bhikkhave, aviddasuno micchādiṭṭhi pahoti; An ignoramus, sunk in ignorance, produces wrong view. Ignorance is the lack of understanding of how the world is, namely the four noble truths. Wrong view crystallizes ignorance in a specific and persistent set of beliefs and ideas.
micchādiṭṭhissa micchāsaṅkappo pahoti; Wrong view produces wrong purpose. This discourse stresses the linear dependence of each factor on the previous. Of course, causality is not so clear cut, and other contexts show the factors working together in various ways (eg. MN 117).
micchāsaṅkappassa micchāvācā pahoti; Wrong purpose produces wrong speech.
micchāvācassa micchākammanto pahoti; Wrong speech produces wrong action.
micchākammantassa micchāājīvo pahoti; Wrong action produces wrong livelihood.
micchāājīvassa micchāvāyāmo pahoti; Wrong livelihood produces wrong effort.
micchāvāyāmassa micchāsati pahoti; Wrong effort produces wrong mindfulness.
micchāsatissa micchāsamādhi pahoti. Wrong mindfulness produces wrong immersion.
Vijjā ca kho, bhikkhave, pubbaṅgamā kusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ samāpattiyā, anvadeva hirottappaṁ. Knowledge leads the attainment of skillful qualities, with conscience and prudence following along. This knowledge originates in learning the Dhamma, reflecting on it, and internalizing the belief.
Vijjāgatassa, bhikkhave, viddasuno sammādiṭṭhi pahoti; A knowing one, firm in knowledge, produces right view.
sammādiṭṭhissa sammāsaṅkappo pahoti; Right view produces right purpose.
sammāsaṅkappassa sammāvācā pahoti; Right purpose produces right speech.
sammāvācassa sammākammanto pahoti; Right speech produces right action.
sammākammantassa sammāājīvo pahoti; Right action produces right livelihood.
sammāājīvassa sammāvāyāmo pahoti; Right livelihood produces right effort.
sammāvāyāmassa sammāsati pahoti; Right effort produces right mindfulness.
sammāsatissa sammāsamādhi pahotī”ti. Right mindfulness produces right immersion.”
Paṭhamaṁ.